New Delhi, 09 June 2025: Smoking during pregnancy poses one of the most dangerous yet preventable risks to both the expecting mother and the developing baby. Despite widespread awareness, many women continue to smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke during pregnancy. Either due to addiction, lack of awareness, or environmental exposure. According to health experts, tobacco smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including carbon monoxide, nicotine, lead, and arsenic—many of which directly impact fetal development. When a pregnant woman smokes, these harmful substances travel through her bloodstream and cross the placenta, reducing oxygen supply and impairing the baby’s growth. Even passive smoking or using smokeless tobacco can significantly increase the risk of pregnancy complications, premature birth, birth defects, and even stillbirth. An expert explains the dangerous consequences of smoking during pregnancy and why quitting tobacco at any stage is vital for a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby.
How Smoking Affects the Mother and Baby
The nicotine and carbon monoxide in tobacco restrict blood flow to the uterus and placenta, reducing the oxygen and nutrients that the baby receives. This can lead to slower fetal growth and developmental issues. For the mother, smoking increases the risk of complications such as placental abruption (where the placenta detaches from the uterus), placenta previa (where the placenta covers the cervix), and ectopic pregnancy. It also weakens the immune system, increases the risk of respiratory infections, and raises blood pressure—making conditions like preeclampsia more likely. Pregnant smokers are also more likely to experience severe nausea, fatigue, and miscarriage. For the unborn child, the dangers are equally severe—low birth weight, premature delivery. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), learning disabilities. And behavioral problems in early childhood are all strongly linked to maternal smoking.
Increased Risk of Miscarriage and Stillbirth
Experts warn that smoking significantly increases the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth, especially when continued throughout the first trimester. Nicotine and other toxins constrict the blood vessels in the uterus and placenta, which can impair fetal growth and lead to a loss of pregnancy. Carbon monoxide also interferes with the oxygen-carrying capacity of maternal blood, causing fetal hypoxia (lack of oxygen). According to studies, women who smoke during pregnancy are up to two times more likely to suffer a stillbirth compared to non-smokers. The more a woman smokes, the higher the risk becomes, but even light smoking or secondhand smoke exposure can pose serious threats.
Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight
Preterm birth—defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation—is one of the most common outcomes of smoking during pregnancy. Babies born too early are at risk for numerous health problems including underdeveloped organs, respiratory issues, feeding difficulties, and long-term developmental delays. Smoking also directly contributes to low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg), which makes infants more vulnerable to infections, complications during delivery, and neonatal intensive care admissions. Research shows that about 20 to 30 percent of low birth weight cases are linked to smoking during pregnancy. These babies may also have a higher risk of chronic conditions later in life such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Birth Defects and Long-Term Developmental Issues
Maternal smoking associated with a higher risk of birth defects. Particularly those involving the heart, brain, and face. Cleft lip and cleft palate among the most common defects linked to tobacco exposure in utero. Nicotine interferes with the proper formation of fetal tissues during the early weeks of pregnancy, leading to structural abnormalities. Beyond physical defects, the long-term cognitive and behavioral impact of smoking is significant. Children exposed to tobacco in the womb may face learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), lower IQ levels, and emotional instability. Experts also point out that these children are more likely to start smoking themselves during adolescence due to prenatal nicotine exposure affecting brain chemistry.
Secondhand Smoke Is Equally Dangerous
It’s not just active smoking that poses a threat—secondhand smoke is equally harmful for pregnant women. If a pregnant woman lives or works in a smoke-filled environment. She and her baby exposed to the same toxic chemicals found in directly inhaled smoke. Experts note that passive smoke can lead to similar complications such as miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, and respiratory issues in newborns. Pregnant women should avoid all environments where smoking is common and encourage family members, especially partners, to quit smoking to ensure a smoke-free pregnancy.
Impact of Smoking on Breastfeeding and Newborn Health
Even after childbirth, smoking continues to affect both the mother and her baby. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals can transferred to the baby through breast milk. Potentially leading to irritability, poor sleep, and feeding problems. Smoking also reduces milk production and alters the taste and quality of breast milk, discouraging the baby from feeding effectively. Moreover, babies exposed to smoke after birth are more prone to respiratory infections, asthma, ear infections, and an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). For these reasons, health experts strongly recommend complete abstinence from tobacco use before, during, and after pregnancy.
Can Quitting During Pregnancy Help?
The good news, according to doctors, is that quitting smoking at any stage of pregnancy can dramatically reduce the risk of complications. The earlier a woman quits, the better the outcome for both her and her baby. Within just 24 hours of quitting, the carbon monoxide levels in the blood drop, allowing more oxygen to reach the baby. Over time, the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight also decreases. Expert-recommended strategies for quitting include behavioral therapy, counseling, support groups, and in some cases, nicotine replacement therapy under strict medical supervision. Partners and family members play a key role in supporting the mother to stay tobacco-free during this crucial time.
Smoking during pregnancy is a dangerous gamble with life-long consequences for both the mother and the child. From miscarriage and birth defects to developmental delays and long-term health problems, the risks are numerous and well-documented. Health experts unanimously agree that quitting smoking before or during pregnancy is one of the best things a woman can do to ensure a healthy baby and a safe delivery. Even if you’ve already conceived, it’s never too late to stop. Creating a smoke-free environment not only protects your unborn child but also promotes your own well-being. Speak with your doctor, seek support, and take the first step toward a healthier pregnancy and a brighter future for your baby.
