New Delhi, 31 July 2025: For most women, a monthly period is a normal biological process and a sign of reproductive health. However, when periods become irregular — coming too early, too late, or skipping months altogether — it’s more than just an inconvenience. Irregular periods could indicate deeper health issues beyond hormonal imbalances, and experts warn that ignoring these signs can have long-term consequences. A leading gynaecologist sheds light on the causes, symptoms, and when you should seek medical help.
What Are Irregular Periods?
Irregular periods refer to any change in your usual menstrual cycle. While a “normal” menstrual cycle lasts between 21 to 35 days, irregularity means:
- Periods that come earlier or later than expected
- Missed periods (amenorrhea)
- Heavier or lighter bleeding than usual
- Spotting between cycles
- Changes in the duration of your period (either too short or too long)
Occasional irregularities are common due to stress, travel, or minor infections. But chronic irregularities need evaluation.
What Causes Irregular Periods?
According to gynaecologists, irregular menstrual cycles can have a wide range of causes — some harmless, others more serious:
1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects how the ovaries function. It’s one of the most common causes of irregular periods. Women with PCOS may also experience weight gain, acne, excessive facial hair, and infertility.
Red flag: Skipping periods for several months, or cycles longer than 40 days.
2. Thyroid Dysfunction
Both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) can disrupt your menstrual cycle. The thyroid regulates many hormones in the body, and imbalance can cause periods to stop or become erratic.
Red flag: Unexplained weight loss or gain, fatigue, mood changes, and irregular bleeding.
3. High Stress Levels
When you’re under chronic stress, your body produces cortisol, which can interfere with the hormones responsible for ovulation. This can delay or completely prevent menstruation.
Red flag: Missed periods, especially during stressful life events or long-term anxiety.
4. Extreme Weight Changes
Sudden weight loss or gain can severely affect reproductive hormones. Very low body fat, often due to excessive exercise or eating disorders, may cause menstruation to stop completely.
Red flag: Periods stopping for more than 3 months due to rapid weight loss.
5. Perimenopause
Women approaching menopause (usually between ages 40–50) often experience irregular periods due to fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels.
Red flag: Irregular cycles, night sweats, hot flashes, or mood swings.
6. Uterine Fibroids or Polyps
Non-cancerous growths in the uterus can cause heavy, prolonged, or irregular periods.
Red flag: Bleeding between periods, pelvic pain, or very heavy menstrual flow.
7. Medications and Birth Control
Some medications, especially hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants, can impact your cycle.
Lesser-Known Causes of Irregular Periods
While the usual suspects like PCOS and stress are widely discussed, there are other lesser-known conditions that can disrupt your cycle:
1. Chronic Inflammation and Autoimmune Disorders
Diseases like lupus or type 1 diabetes can disrupt hormone levels and ovulation, resulting in unpredictable periods.
2. Prolactinoma (Pituitary Tumor)
Benign tumors in the pituitary gland can increase prolactin production, which suppresses ovulation.
Diagnosis: How Doctors Identify the Cause
A gynaecologist may perform the following to determine the root cause of irregular menstruation:
- Medical history and menstrual tracking
- Pelvic exam
- Blood tests to check hormone levels
- Ultrasound to view the ovaries and uterus
- Pap smear to detect abnormalities in cervical cells
- Endometrial biopsy in rare cases to rule out cancer
Treatment Options
Treatment depends entirely on the underlying cause. Common approaches include:
● Hormonal Therapy
Birth control pills, hormone patches, or IUDs can help regulate your cycle and reduce heavy bleeding.
● Managing PCOS
Lifestyle changes like weight loss, low-carb diets, and medications like Metformin can help manage PCOS and restore regular periods.
● Treating Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid medications can bring hormone levels back to normal, resolving cycle irregularities.
● Stress Management
Incorporating yoga, therapy, and mindfulness practices into your routine may help reduce stress-induced menstrual changes.
Can Irregular Periods Affect Fertility?
Yes. Irregular or absent ovulation can make it harder to conceive. Women trying to get pregnant should monitor ovulation using kits or consult a fertility specialist if cycles are erratic.
Lifestyle Tips to Regulate Your Period Naturally
While medical treatment is essential for serious conditions, small daily changes can also help:
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Eat a balanced diet rich in iron and omega-3s
- Exercise moderately
- Manage stress with breathing exercises or journaling
- Avoid excessive caffeine, alcohol, and smoking
Irregular periods are your body’s way of telling you something’s off. Whether it’s a hormonal issue, a lifestyle factor, or a more serious health concern, understanding the signs and acting early is crucial. Regular gynaecological checkups, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and being in tune with your menstrual cycle can go a long way in ensuring your reproductive health remains in balance.
